#A BRL SCI;E NOT,N ISSU$ 0! BRL AU?OR;Y (! UNIT$ K+DOM SCI;E -MITTEE 333333333333 9 TWO VOLUMES VOLUME "O 333333333333 PRODUC$ & PUBLI%$ BY ! ROYAL N,NAL 9/ITUTE =! BL PET]BOR\< 333333333333 #AIIJ #B ! BRL AU?OR;Y (! UNIT$ K+DOM 0 =M]LY ! BRITI% N,NAL UNI=M TYPE -MITTEE3 ! PREVI\S $I;NS ( ? CODE 7 PUBLI%$ "U T "N4 PREVI\S $I;NS 7PUBLI%$ 9 F\R "PS73 "P ;I3 #AIFJ "P ;II3 #AIFJ "P ;III3 #AIFJ "P ;IV3 #AIFB1 REVIS$ #AIGA4 COPY"R ! BRL AU?OR;Y (! UNIT$ K+DOM #AIHI4 #C 3T5TS 333333333333 PAGE NOTE 6BRL $I;N -------------- #E MEMB]S (! SCI;E -MITTEE ----- #F 9TRODUC;N ------------------- #G #A4 BASIC MA!MATICS NOT,N ------- #AJ #B4 UNITS ----------------------- #AG #C4 *EMI/RY NOT,N --------------- #CJ G5]AL NOT,N ------------------- #CA *EMICAL "NS ----------------- #CA *EMICAL =MULAE -------------- #CA ELECTRONIC 3FIGUR,N --------- #CF *EMICAL EQU,NS & SET \ =MULAE #CG /RUCTURAL =MULAE -------------- #CI /RUCTURES 3TA9+ R+S --------- #DB FUS$ B5Z5E R+S -------------- #DG O!R SYMBOLIC =MS ------------ #DI ISOM]ISM -------------------- #EJ A4I;NAL NOT,N ----------------- #EA TA# ( ELE;TS ------------------ #EA #D4 ELECTRONIC & LOGIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS ---------------- #ED 3T5TS #D PAGE 9TRODUC;N --------------------- #ED #A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N --- #EE 7;I7 DIRECT REPRES5T,N ------ #EF 7;II7 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N ) -PON5TS GIV5 9 BRL ---- #EF 7;III7 BRL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N -------------- #EI #B4 BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #FH 7;A7 4PLAY ( -PON5TS -------- #FH 7;B7 3NEC;N ( -PON5TS1 & O!R 9=M,N ------------------- #GB ! A4I;NAL 9=M,N ----------- #GC ! T]M9AL ID5TIFI]S -------- #GD /AT+ ! CIRCUIT 3NEC;NS ---- #GF LOGIC SYMBOLS ----------------- #HA -POSITE LOGIC SYMBOLS ------- #HF TA# ;A3 BRL A2REVI,NS = ELECTRONIC -PON5TS & LOGIC SYMBOLS ----------- #IJ TA# ;B3 BRL A2REVI,NS = T]M9ALS #IF #E4 K>NAU< MAPS ----------------- #IH 333333333333 #E NOTE 6BRL $I;N ALL ! DIAGRAMS >E 9 A SEP>ATE VOLUME4 REF];E 6!M IS G5],Y GIV5 9 SQU>E BRACKETS1 /AT+ ! FIGURE NUMB] & PAGE NUMB] 9 T VOLUME1 E4G4 ,7FIG4 #F1 P#E7'4 TA# ;C3 ELECTRONIC & LOGIC SYMBOLS1 IS AL GIV5 9 ! DIAGRAMS VOLUME4 333333333333 #F MEMB]S (! SCI;E -MITTEE J4 A4 ALLNUT 7*AIRMAN71 C5TRAL ELECTRIC;Y RESE>* LABORATORY4 G4 W4 CORFIELD1 ROYAL N,NAL COLLEGE =! BL4 T4 K4 DEVONALD1 ROYAL N,NAL COLLEGE =! BL4 R4 L4 GORTON1 BRITI% TELECOM4 M4 J4 GRI694 MISS M4 P4 L4 K+SLEY1 ;RNIB4 MRS4 R4 M4 KIRKWOOD1 NEW COLLEGE WORCE/]4 T4 D4 MALEY1 ;RNIB VOC,NAL COLLEGE1 L\S S9CE ! PUBLIC,N (! PREVI\S $I;N (! .BRL .SCI;E .NOT,N1 &! NE$ =A NEW $I;N HAS 2COME 9CR1S+LY PRESS+1 BO? 9 ORD] 6UPDATE ! BRL TE*NIQUES1 & 6KEEP PACE )! "E *ANG+ SYMBOLISM ( SCI;E4 ! REVI.N 0 "UTAK5 9 /AGES1 & 9 FACT ! SEC;N ON *EMI/RY NOT,N 0 REL1S$ Z E>LY Z DECEMB] #AIHE1 9 ORD] 6ALL[ ^? "PS (! PREVI\S $I;N MO/ AT O4S ) CURR5T PRACTICE 6BE 4P5S$ ) PROMPTLY4 ? "W 0 C>RI$ \ 9 P>ALLEL )! REVI.N (! BRL MA!MATICS NOT,N 7PUBLI%$ 9 #AIHG71 &! TWO PUBLIC,NS >E N[ 5TIRELY 3SI/5T4 9DE$1 ! SEC;N ON UNIT A2REVI,NS IS ID5TICAL 6! CORRESPOND+ SEC;N 9 ! BRL MA!MATICS NOT,N1 & 0 3SID]$ JO9TLY 0BO? -MITTEES4 X %D 2 EMPHASIS$ T ! TRANSCRIP;N ( SCI5TIFIC TEXT DRAWS H1VILY ^U ! MA!MATICS CODE1 &= ? R1SON A %ORT SUMM>Y IS PRES5T$ 9 ! F/ SEC;N1 &! SEC;N ON UNIT A2REVI,NS 9TRODUC;N #H FOLL[S4 O!R SEC;NS GIVE .A4I;NAL TE*NIQUES & GUID.E : MAY 2 REQUIR$ = SPECIFIC FIELDS4 ! SEC;NS ON *EMI/RY NOT,N & ELECTRONIC & LOGIC CIRCUITS H BE5 5TIRELY REVIS$ 9 ORD] 6RESOLVE PRO#MS : _H EM]G$ )! PREVI\S CODE1 6IMPROVE ! PRES5T,N1 & 6EXT5D & UPDATE ! NOT,N4 X %D 2 NOT$ T Z A RESULT1 IMPORTANT *ANGES H BE5 MADE 6! BASIC ME?ODS GIV5 = /RUCTURAL =MULAE 9 *EMI/RY1 &= ELECTRONIC & LOGIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS4 X IS RECOMM5D$ T :5 ! SPECIAL TE*NIQUES GIV5 "H = DIAGRAMMATIC /RUCTURAL =MULAE & CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS >E US$ 9 TRANSCRIP;N "W1 ! R1D] %D 2 =EW>N$ 0! 9S];N (A NOTE REF]R+ 6! ..BRL SCI;E NOT,N .#AIHI = EXPLAN,N (! TE*NIQUES & A2REVI,NS US$4 X IS AL WOR? EMPHASIS+ "H T ^! 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POSI;N #A4 BASIC MA!MATICS NOT,N #AA (! DOTS47' SMALL CAPITAL LAT9 '''''' =; =, GREEK ''''' =. =_ BOLD LAT9 =@ =^ BOLD GREEK =@. =^_ ^! PREC$E ! LR 6: !Y APPLY4 A LR )9 A MA!MATICAL EXPRES.N )\T A LR SIGN IS ASSUM$ 6BE SMALL LAT92 ! DOTS #E-F LR SIGN M/1 H["E1 2 ASS]T$ :5 ! LR /&S AL"O OR />TS A MA!MATICAL EXPRES.N )9 ORD9>Y TEXT1 OR IS AN ;A-J IMMLY FOLL[+ A NUMB]4 D\# LR SIGNS H =CE OV] SUBSEQU5T LRS UNTIL ! SEQU;E IS 9T]RUPT$ 0A SPACE OR ANY O!R MA!MATICAL SIGN EXCEPT A L[] NUMB]1 DA% OR />4 EX4 #B.PR ,X,Y ,,ABC SPECIAL LR F.T RULES >E ADOPT$ = *EMICAL =MULAE3 ! =CE (! DOT #F CAPITAL SIGN C>RIES OV] ALL LRS 9 AN UNSPAC$ *EMICAL =MULA UNTIL ANO!R LR F.T SIGN OR NUM]AL SIGN 9T]V5ES2 & DOT #E IS US$ 69DICATE A TWO LR ELE;T #A4 BASIC MA!MATICS NOT,N #AB SYMBOL1 LRS FOLL[+ T SYMBOL 2+ ASSUM$ 6BE CAPITAL UN.S %[N O!RWISE4 EX4 "NAOH ,H"CL = FUR!R DETAILS SEE ! SEC;N ON *EMI/RY NOT,N4 9DICES SUBSCRIPT SIGN3 * 7DOTS #A-F74 SUP]SCRIPT SIGN3 + 7DOTS #C-D-F74 ^! 9DICATE T ! EXPRES.N : FOLL[S IS A SUBSCRIPT OR SUP]SCRIPT 6! PREC$+ EXPRES.N4 9DICES : >E :OLE NUMB]S >E BRLD Z L[] NUMB]S )\T ! NUM]AL SIGN1 & IF SUBSCRIPTS ! SUBSCRIPT SIGN * IS OMITT$4 9DICES O!R ?AN :OLE NUMB]S WRITT5 9 ! L[] "P (! CELL >E 5D$ )! 9DEX T]M9,N SIGN ] 7DOTS #A-B-D-E-F7 UN.S A SPACE OR A BRACKET 3TA9+ ! :OLE T]M FOLL[S4 EX4 X+2 .D+;-1 X+Y],C X*A]+2 T1+N ,H2O ,H2SO4 SUP]SCRIPT OR SUBSCRIPT ;6 & ;- SIGNS >E BRLD )\T ! + OR * SIGNS4 EX4 ,H;6 7,H SUP]SCRIPT ;6,7 ,O;-- .P;6].P;- #A4 BASIC MA!MATICS NOT,N #AC LEFT-H& 9DICES >E %[N 0PREC$+ ! MA9 SYMBOL 0! 9DEX GR\P4 EX4 +16*8,O 7SUP]SCRIPT #AF,1 SUBSCRIPT #H ,O,7 +N],X 7SUP]SCRIPT ;N ,X,7 BRACKETS ! FOLL[+ MA!MATICAL BRACKETS >E US$3 < ''' > R.D BRACKETS ( ''' ) SQU>E BRACKETS [ ''' O CURLY OR BRACE BRACKETS .( ''' .) ANGLE BRACKETS OP],N & REL,N SIGNS ! FOLL[+ SIGNS >E SPAC$ ON ! LEFT1 B N ON ! 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T]MS & PLAC$ 9 BRACKETS4 3O "R >R[ [3 LEFT >R[ [3O LEFT/"R >R[ ^3O "R >R[ ) V]TICAL B> ON %AFT \3O D\# %AFT "R >R[ \[3O D\# %AFT LEFT/"R >R[ 3I UP >R[ 35 D[N >R[ 53E "R HALF OR FULL >R[ ) LEFT HALF OR FULL >R[ 2N I39 LEFT HALF OR FULL >R[ ) "R HALF OR FULL >R[ 2N 553E %ORT "R HALF OR FULL >R[ ) L;G LEFT HALF OR FULL >R[ 2N 53EE L;G "R HALF OR FULL >R[ ) %ORT LEFT HALF OR FULL >R[ 2N O!R >R[S MAY 2 3/RUCT$ ANALOG\SLY4 #A4 BASIC MA!MATICS NOT,N #AF SPECIAL FUNC;NS SPECIAL FUNC;NS >E 9TRODUC$ 0! $ SIGN 7DOTS #A-B-D-F71 & MAY 2 FOLL[$ 0ANY MA!MATICAL SIGN2 AN IMMLY FOLL[+ SMALL LAT9 LR ?US REQUIR+ XS LR SIGN4 TRIGONOMETRIC1 HYP]BOLIC1 LOG>I?MIC & VECTOR ANALYSIS FUNC;NS H SPECIAL BRL A2REVI,NS2 O!RWISE1 ! FUNC;N IS WRITT5 Z 9 PR9T 7)\T 3TRAC;NS74 EX4 $S;X 7S9 ;X,7 $C.? 7COS .?,7 $HC;Z 7CO% ;Z,7 $L;X 7LOG ;X,7 $L*10X 7LOG 6! BASE #AJ ;X,7 $LN;X $EXP,A $LIM;X*N A4I;NAL SIGNS ,3 7DOTS #F#B-E7 COLON2 EX4 X,3Y @9 7DOTS #D#C-E7 DA%1 PRIME2 EX4 X@9 X@99 7;X D\# PRIME7 @5 7DOTS #D#B-F7 />2 EX4 Y@5 Y@55 7;Y D\# />7 : B>2 EX4 Z: @: HAT2 EX4 X@: ^: TILDE 7ABV LR72 EX4 P^: #A4 BASIC MA!MATICS NOT,N #AG @4 7DOTS #D#B-E-F7 DA7]2 EX4 ,A@4 $D TRIANGLE2 EX4 $D,,ABC $Q SQU>E2 EX4 $Q,,ABCD _[ ANGLE2 EX4 _[,,XOY % 7DOTS #A-D-F7 SQU>E ROOT2 EX4 %#B _ 7DOTS #D-E-F7 V]TICAL L9E2 EX4 .(A_;B.) 7A LR FOLL[+ & UNSPAC$ F ! V]TICAL L9E SIGN M/ H A LR F.T SIGN47 ! 9TEGRAL2 EX4 !FDX 333333333333 #B4 UNITS 7TA#S ( /&>D UNIT A2REVI,NS >E GIV5 AT ! 5D ( ? SEC;N = REF];E ,7P#BE-BI7'47 ! FOLL[+ GUIDEL9ES APPLY 6SCI5TIFIC & MA!MATICAL TEXT4 7.NOTE4 ! EXAMPLES 9 ? SEC;N H BE5 *OS5 6ILLU/RATE A V>IETY ( PR9T =MS Z F.D3 ? *OICE IS N 9T5D$ 69DICATE RECOMM5D$ PRACTICE47 #A4 UNITS >E PLAC$ 2F OR AF ! NUMB] 6: !Y REF]1 AC 6PR9T4 UNITS %D 2 SPAC$ #B4 UNITS4 #A #AH 9 BRL1 A"P F ! SIGNS 9 S'#F D5OT+ UNITS ( ANGLE & L5G? 9 FEET & 9*ES1 & M"OT>Y UNIT A2REVI,NS PREC$+ ! NUMB] OR C>RY+ AN 9ITIAL LR SIGN4 #B4 UNIT A2REVI,NS >E COD$ AC 6! PR9T 0PLAC+ A DOT #F 2F EA* CAPITAL LR1 ) GREEK 8MU0 COD$ Z .M1 ! @ANG/R@OM SYMBOL 7IN PR9T1 A CAPITAL ;A )A SMALL CIRCLE ABV7 COD$ Z ^A1 GREEK 8OMEGA0 7OHM7 COD$ Z _W1 ! P]C5T SYMBOL COD$ Z 3P1 ! P.DS /]L+ SYMBOL COD$ Z LR ;L1 &! DOLL> SYMBOL Z L[] ;D4 7SEE H["E S'#B#A1 S'#D47 #B#A4 MM"HG %D 2 COD$ )A DOT #E 2F ! A2REVI,N "HG = M]CURY1 R ?AN US+ A DOT #F4 #C4 ! DOTS #E-F LR SIGN IS ONLY REQUIR$3 7;A7 2F A L[] CASE S+LE LR UNIT SYMBOL /&+ AL"O OR ) J AN 9DEX OR PUNCTU,N1 OR IMMLY FOLL[+ & UNSPAC$ F ! NUMB] 7E4G4 2F ;P = P;E74 7;B7 2F ! A2REVI,N ;S = SECOND 9 -B9$ UNITS1 ": NEC 6AVOID AMBIGU;Y #B4 UNITS4 #C #AI 7SEE S'#H74 7;C7 2F A UNIT A2REVI,N 3SI/+ (A SEQU;E ( 9ITIALS )\T FULL /OPS 7E4G4 ;MPH71 IF ! DOT #F LR SIGN IS N US$ 7SEE S'#D74 ? DOES N REF] 6A2REVI,NS S* Z CM1 KG1 ETC41 9 : ! F/ LR /&S =A PREFIX1 N A ^W2 OR 6-B9$ UNITS BRLD ) DOT #C SEP>ATORS AC 6S'#H4 #D4 ! DOT #F LR SIGN IS N US$ 6%[ CAPITALS 9 3V5;NAL 9=MAL A2REVI,NS S* Z ;MPH1 M4P4H41 ;MPG1 ETC4 ^! >E COD$ 9 A3ORD.E ) S'#C 7;C74 EX#A4 #C METRES #F ;M 7#F METRES7 #B,1 #C ;M 7#B,1 #C METRES7 #B ;8#AJ+2 ;M 7#B ;8#AJ+2 METRES7 L#F 7#F P.DS /]L+7 L;X 7;X P.DS /]L+7 L#E1CJ;P 7#E P.DS #CJ P;E7 L#FJ;M 7#FJ MILLION P.DS7 #BE 3P 7#BE P]C5T7 #C ;S 7#C SECONDS7 #C SEC 7#C SECONDS7 #B4 UNITS4 #D #BJ #A MOL 7#A MOLE7 #BJ KM 7#BJ KILOMETRES7 #E FT #AJ 9S 7#E FEET #AJ 9*ES7 #D ,T 7#D TESLAS7 #E M,A 7#E MILLIAMP]ES7 #AJ ,HZ 7#AJ H]TZ7 #C1C ,PA 7#C1C PASCALS7 #I ,GE,V 7#I GIGAELECTRONVOLTS7 #F ,M,W 7#F MEGAWATTS7 #H ^A 7#H @ANG/R@OMS7 #C .MS 7#C MICROSECONDS7 #BJ ML 7#BJ MILLILITRES7 #AJ ;CC 7#AJ CUBIC C5TIMETRES7 #AB C4C4 7#AB CUBIC C5TIMETRES7 #DJ M4P4H4 7#DJ MILES P] H\R7 #FJ ;MPH 7#FJ MILES P] H\R7 #F YR4 7#F YE>S7 #E4 UNIT A2REVI,NS %D G5],Y 2 COD$ 9 ! SAME WAY1 :E!R OR N A3OMPANY+ A NUMB]4 ! P.D /]L+ SYMBOL 7SPAC$7 %D1 H["E1 2 COD$ Z L#,2 &! DOLL> SYMBOL 7SPAC$7 COD$ Z 4#,4 SEE AL S'#F#B4 #F4 9 SIMPLE EXPRES.NS ( ANGLE1 OR #B4 UNITS4 #F #BA L5G? 9 FEET & 9*ES1 SUP]SCRIPT #J 7DEGREES7 IS COD$ Z 0 7L[] ;J7 S+LE DA% 7M9UTES1 OR FEET7 Z . 7DOTS #D-F7 D\# DA% 7SECONDS1 OR 9*ES7 Z _ 7DOTS #D-E-F7 SUP]SCRIPT ;C 7RADIANS1 :5 US$ 9/1D ( RAD7 Z - 7DOTS #C-F7 & FOLL[ ! NUMB] 6: !Y APPLY1 )! :OLE GR\P UNSPAC$4 :5 ! DEGREE SIGN FOLL[S A L[] NUMB] X %D 2 PREC$$ 0! SUP]SCRIPT SIGN + 6AVOID AMBIGU;Y4 EX#B4 #F0 7#F DEGREES7 #CJ. 7#CJ M9UTES1 OR #CJ FEET7 #AJ_ 7#AJ SECONDS1 OR #AJ 9*ES7 #B.P- 7#B.P RADIANS7 #F0#CJ. 7#F DEGREES #CJ M9UTES7 #E.#AJ_ 7#E M9UTES #AJ SECONDS1 OR #E FEET #AJ 9*ES7 #F0#CJ.#AJ_ 7#F DEGREES #CJ M9UTES #AJ SECODS7 #A2+0 7#A2 DEGREE7 #B4 UNITS4 #F#A #BB #F#A4 9 EXPRES.NS ( TEMP]ATURE1 & 9 BE>+S1 ! LRS ,C1 ,F2 ,N1 ,S1 ,E1 ,W1 >E BRLD UNSPAC$ F ! NUMB] 6: !Y APPLY4 EX#C4 #CJ0,F 7#CJ DEGREES FAHR5HEIT7 #AJ0,C 7#AJ DEGREES CELSIUS7 #EJ0,S 7#EJ DEGREES S\?7 ,N#CJ0,W 7NOR? #CJ0 WE/7 #F#B4 9 -B9$ UNITS 7SEE S'#H71 ! SYMBOLS = DEGREES1 DEGREES ,F & DEGREES ,C >E COD$ Z DG DG,F DG,C RESPECTIVELY4 ^! A2REVI,NS >E AL US$ 9 BRL :5 ! UNIT SYMBOL IS N ATTA*$ 6A NUMB]4 #G4 9DICES ATTA*$ 6UNIT A2REVI,NS OR ^WS1 %D 2 %[N Z L[] NUMB]S IMMLY FOLL[+ ! + SUP]SCRIPT SIGN4 EX#D4 #E KM+2 7#E KILOMETRE+2,7 #F ;S+;-1 7#F SECOND+;-1,7 #H4 9 -B9$ UNITS1 A DOT #C %D 2 9S]T$ 2T ! 9DIVIDUAL UNITS UN.S AN 9DEX OR /ROKE IS PRES5T AT T PO9T4 A #B4 UNITS4 #H #BC GR\P 3SI/+ (A MULTIPLY+ PREFIX ATTA*$ 6A BASIC UNIT SYMBOL 7E4G4 KG1 CM1 ETC47 IS 6BE REG>D$ Z A S+LE UNIT1 & S A DOT #C SEP>ATOR %D N 9T]V5E4 ! /ROKE %D 2 BRLD Z / 7DOTS #C-D74 #H#A4 9 PR9T1 ! 9DIVIDUAL UNITS 9 -B9$ UNITS >E USU,Y SEP>AT$ 0SPACES OR HALF-SPACES IF N 0A /ROKE 7DOTS >E AL O3A.N,Y US$74 ! DOT #C SEP>ATOR %D1 H["E1 ALW 2 US$ 2T 9DIVIDUAL UNITS 9 BRL AC 6S'#H1 EV5 :5 NO SEP>,N IS %[N 2T !M 9 PR9T4 EX#E4 #C ,N'M 7#C NEWTON METRES7 #F ,N/M+2 7#F NEWTONS P] METRE+2,7 #D M'S 7#D METRE SECONDS7 #AJ MS 7#AJ MILLISECONDS7 METRE';S 7METRE SECONDS4 ? EXAMPLE %[S ! LR SIGN US$ 2F ;S = SECOND :5 ! DOT #C MIY TEXT47 #D RAD'S+;-1 7#D RADIANS SECOND+;-1,7 #AJ+;-3 ,N'S'M+;-2 7#AJ+;-3 NEWTON SECOND METRE+;-2,7 #E M+2S+;-1 7#E METRE+2 SECOND+;-1,7 ;X C\LOMB/S 7;X C\LOMBS P] SECOND7 #I4 L;G -B9$ UNITS MAY 2 SPLIT AT ! 5D (A BRL L9E US+ ! DOT #E MA!MATICAL HYPH54 A DOT #C1 IF PRES5T AT T PO9T1 REMA9S 2F ! DOT #E HYPH54 A /ROKE AT T PO9T %D 2 TAK5 ONTO ! NEW L9E4 %ORT UNIT EXPRES.NS %D N 2 DIVID$4 X IS PREF]A# = SPAC$ UNITS N 6BE SEP>AT$ F _! PREC$+ NUMB] AT ! 5D (A BRL L9E4 #AJ4 ! DOT #F MA!MATICAL SEP>,N SIGN IS N REQUIR$ AF A UNIT A2REVI,N 2F #B4 UNITS4 #AJ #BE FOLL[+ PUNCTU,N UN.S ! A2REVI,N 5DS ) AN 9DEX OR "O (! ANGLE SYMBOLS GIV5 9 S'#F4 EX#F4 #B ;M4 7#B METRES47 #G ;M+2,4 7#G METRE+2,47 #E0,4 7#E DEGREES47 111111111111 TA#S 7;SI UNITS & PREFIXES >E TAK5 F ! ASSOCI,N = SCI;E $UC,N BOOKLET3 ..SIGNS1 SYMBOLS & .A2REVI,NS 7#AIHA74 O!R NON-;SI UNITS >E TAK5 F ..NU6IELD ADV.ED SCI;E BOOK ( .DATA 7#AIHB747 ;SI UNITS "N SYMBOL "N SYMBOL METRE ;M /]ADIAN SR KILOGRAM KG H]TZ ,HZ SECOND ;S NEWTON ,N AMP]E ,A PASCAL ,PA KELV9 ,K J\LE ,J C&ELA CD WATT ,W MOLE MOL C\LOMB ,C RADIAN RAD VOLT ,V #B4 UNITS4 TA#S #BF "N SYMBOL "N SYMBOL OHM _W LUM5 LM SIEM5S ,S LUX LX F>AD ,F BECQU]EL ,BQ WEB] ,WB GRAY ,GY TESLA ,T SIEV]T ,SV H5RY ,H 111111111111 MULTIPLY+ PREFIXES ^! MAY 2 ATTA*$ 6ANY (! ABV UNITS4 7EXCEP;N,Y KG ALR HAS A PREFIX ATTA*$1 B O!R MULTIPLES E4G4 MG1 ;G1 >E =M$ 9 ! OBVI\S WAY47 SUB-MULTIPLE PREFIX SYMBOL #AJ+;-1 ''''' DECI '' D #AJ+;-2 ''''' C5TI '' C #AJ+;-3 ''''' MILLI M #AJ+;-6 ''''' MICRO .M #AJ+;-9 ''''' NANO '' N #AJ+;-12 '''' PICO '' P #AJ+;-15 '''' FEMTO F #AJ+;-18 '''' ATTO '' A #B4 UNITS4 TA#S #BG MULTIPLE PREFIX SYMBOL #AJ+1 ''' DECA '' DA #AJ+2 ''' HECTO H #AJ+3 ''' KILO '' K #AJ+6 ''' MEGA '' ,M #AJ+9 ''' GIGA '' ,G #AJ+12 '' T]A ''' ,T #AJ+15 '' PETA '' ,P #AJ+18 '' EXA ''' ,E 111111111111 7^! PREFIXES >E AL "S"TS US$ 2F UNITS 9 ! FOLL[+ TA#47 O!R NON-;SI UNIT SYMBOLS "N SYMBOL @ANG/R@OM '''''''' ^A A/RONOMICAL UNIT AU 7AL ,A,U7 ATMOSPH]E '''''''' ATM ATOMIC MASS UNIT ;U BIOT ''''''''''''' ,BI BRITI% !RMAL UNIT ,BTU CALORIE '''''''''' CAL CURIE '''''''''''' ,CI "D ''''''''''''''' ;D DEBYE '''''''''''' ,D #B4 UNITS4 TA#S #BH "N SYMBOL DECIBEL '''''''''' D,B DEGREE 7ANGUL>7 '' 0 7SUP]SCRIPT #J,7 DEGREE CELSIUS ''' 0,C 7OR DG,C7 DEGREE FAHR5HEIT 0,F 7OR DG,F7 DYNE ''''''''''''' DYN ELECTRONVOLT ''''' E,V FOOT ''''''''''''' FT 7AL A PRIME7 FRANKL9 '''''''''' ,FR GALLON ''''''''''' GAL GAUSS '''''''''''' ,G HECT>E 7#AJJ >ES7 HA HORSEP[] ''''''''' HP H\R '''''''''''''' ;H HUNDR$WEID '''''''''''''' YD YE> '''''''''''''' ;A 333333333333 #C4 *EMI/RY NOT,N #CJ #C4 *EMI/RY NOT,N NOTE ! ME?OD ( COD+ /RUCTURAL =MULAE GIV5 9 SEC;NS #AG-BF ( ? CODE IS 9T5D$ 6BE AN ALT]NATIVE OR AN A4I;N 6DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N1 6BE US$ :5 3V5I5T4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N %D G5],Y 2 REG>D$ Z ! 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POSI;N NUMB] 7DET]M9$ Z 9 S'#BC#A7 FOLL[+ ! NUMB] ASSIGN$ 6! :OLE B5Z5E R+1 AF A DOT #B4 7:5 EXPRESS$ Z L[] NUMB]S1 A DOT #C IS US$ 9/1D (A DOT #B47 #C4 /RUCTURAL =MULAE4 #BC#E #DG EX4 =@O@CH2@O#A1B4-#A1E-@CHO ,7FIG4 #BI1 P#AE7' =@=#A1B2'6 ,7FIG4 #CJ1 P#AF7' #BC#F4 :5 A B5Z5E R+ IS "P (A -PLEX /RUCTURE &! NUMB]+ (! POSI;NS >.D ! R+ IS DET]M9$ 0! IMMLY PREC$+ GR\P1 ! POSI;N (! BOND 6! FOLL[+ GR\P IS 9DICAT$ 0GIV+ ! NUMB] ( T POSI;N AF ! = R+ SIGN 7UNSPAC$74 EX4 =@NH@=#D@NH@=#D@NH2 ,7FIG4 #CA1 P#AF7' FUS$ B5Z5E R+S #BD4 POLYCYCLIC R+ /RUCTURES S* Z NAPH?AL5E ,7FIG4 #CB1 P#AG7'1 PH5AN?R5E ,7FIG4 #CC1 P#AG7'1 ETC41 >E COD$ Z A SEQU;E ( = SIGNS ) PAIRS ( NUMB]S 2T SU3ESSIVE = SIGNS 69DICATE ! RELATIVE POSI;N (! RESPECTIVE R+S4 #BD#A4 C>BON ATOMS )9 EA* -PON5T B5Z5E R+ >E NUMB]$ CLOCKWISE 7C>BON ATOMS -MON 6M ?AN "O R+ >E ?US NUMB]$ M ?AN ONCE74 #BD#B4 ! NUMB]S 2T TWO SU3ESSIVE = SIGNS 9 A SEQU;E /ATE ! NUMB]S (! #C4 /RUCTURAL =MULAE4 #BD#B #DH C>BON ATOMS 7Z MEMB]S (! F/ R+7 : >E %>$ )! SECOND R+4 ! NUMB]+ )9 T SECOND R+ IS !N DET]M9$ 0C.T+ ! F/ /AT$ (! %>$ C>BON ATOMS Z #A 9 ! SECOND R+ 7! RE/ 2+ NUMB]$ CLOCKWISE74 #BD#C4 :5 ! F/ = SIGN 9 S* A SEQU;E IS N PREC$$ 0ANO!R GR\P1 ! NUMB]+ 9 ! F/ TWO R+S IS DET]M9$ 0! RULE T ! %>$ C>BON ATOMS >E NUMB]$ #A & #B 9 ! F/ R+1 & T NUMB]$ #A 9 ! F/ R+ IS NUMB]$ #A 9 ! SECOND R+4 9 ? CASE X IS UNNEC 6/ATE ! ATTA*;T POSI;N NUMB]S #A1 #B 2T ^! = SIGNS4 EX4 == ,7FIG4 #CD1 P#AH7' ==#C#D= ,7FIG4 #CE1 P#AH7' ==#D#E= ,7FIG4 #CF1 P#AI7' ==#E#F=#D#E= ,7FIG4 #CG1 P#AI7' #BD#D4 :5 ! F/ = SIGN 9 S* A SEQU;E IS PREC$$ 0ANO!R GR\P1 ! NUMB]+ ( XS C>BON ATOMS IS DET]M9$ 0S'#BC#A4 EX4 =@=#C#D= ,7FIG4 #CH1 P#BJ7' #BD#E4 GR\PS ATTA*$ 6^! POLYCYCLIC R+S >E COD$ 0! USUAL ME?ODS4 7EA* = SIGN IS C.T$ Z A SEP>ATE GR\P 9 A #C4 /RUCTURAL =MULAE4 #BD#E #DI /RUCTURAL =MULA1 EV5 ?\< BOND SIGNS MAY N 9T]V5E47 EX4 ==-#A1F-@"CL-#B1B-@"CL ,7FIG4 #CI1 P#BJ7' =@=#C#D=-#A1F-@"CL-#C1B-@"CL ,7FIG4 #DJ1 P#BA7' 7? %[S -P.D R+ POSI;N NUMB]S APPLY+ UNAMBIGU\SLY 6A "PLY L9E> SEQU;E4 9 S* CASES1 ALL GR\PS 9 ! 9ITIAL BASIC SEQU;E %D 2 C.T$1 & C>E TAK5 6AVOID AMBIGU;Y47 O!R SYMBOLIC =MS #BE4 /RUCTURES SYMBOLIC,Y REPRES5T$ 9 PR9T 0! OMIS.N ( C>BON SYMBOLS & _! ATTA*$ HYDROG5 SYMBOLS1 B = : ! ME?ODS US+ ! = R+ SYMBOL GIV5 9 S'#BC & S'#BD >E 9APPLICA#1 >E COD$ 09DICAT+ EA* SITE ( AN OMITT$ C>BON ATOM 0! SIGN G,4 BOND+ 2T ^! SITES IS %[N US+ ! /&>D BOND SYMBOLS1 &! G SYMBOL IS G5],Y TR1T$ 9 ! CODE Z AN ELE;T SYMBOL4 EX4 ,G@G^G@N^G@G#A6<^> ,7FIG4 #DA1 P#BA7' #C4 /RUCTURAL =MULAE4 #BE #EJ ,G@G^G@N^G@G#A6<^>-#B-"CL ,7FIG4 #DB1 P#BB7' ,G^G@G@G@G@G#A6-#C-[@&@CH3-#F-" [@&@CH3 ,7FIG4 #DC1 P#BB7' #BE#A4 ! = SIGN MAY 2 US$ 9 3JUNC;N ) G SIGNS4 EX4 =^G@=#F@N#A1B4<^> ,7FIG4 #DD1 P#BC7' #BE#B4 ! BONDS )9 R+S REPRES5T$ SYMBOLIC,Y 9 PR9T MAY ALL 2 %[N Z S+LE L9ES1 I4E4 ! 4T9C;N 2T S+LE & D\# BONDS IS N MADE EXPLICIT4 9 S* CASES ! S+LE DOT #D BOND SIGN %D 2 US$1 X 2+ "U/OOD T XS USE IS SYMBOLIC 9 ? S5SE4 EX4 ,G@G@G@N@G@G#A6 ,7FIG4 #DE1 P#BC7' ISOM]ISM #BF4 :5 X IS NEC 69DICATE ! RELATIVE POSI;NS ( GR\PS 9 4CUS.NS ( ISOM]ISM1 ! ORD] ( ATTA*$ GR\PS %D 2 GOV]N$ 0A DEF9ITE /AT$ RULE4 E4G4 9 ! FOLL[+1 ! ATTA*$ HYDROG5 & *LOR9E ATOMS >E BRLD 9 ! ORD] LEFT 6"R Z APPE>S 9 PR9T3 "CL@C[@H&^C[@"CL&@H ,7FIG4 #DF1 #C4 /RUCTURAL =MULAE4 #BF #EA P#BD7' "CL@C[@H&^C[@H&@"CL ,7FIG4 #DG1 P#BD7' DIAGRAMS >E1 H["E1 ESPECI,Y RECOMM5D$ 6REPRES5T S* 9=M,N4 333333333333 A4I;NAL NOT,N #BG4 ! SYMBOLS ,M = MOL>;Y1 ,N = NORMAL;Y1 & ;M = MOLAL;Y1 REF]R+ 63C5TR,NS ( SOLU;NS1 :5 ATTA*$ 6A PREC$+ NUMB] %D 2 UNSPAC$ F T NUMB] 9 BRL4 7!Y >E N REG>D$ Z UNIT SYMBOLS "H47 EX4 #B,M #J1E,N #AM #BH4 ;P,H %D 2 SPAC$ OR UNSPAC$ F A FOLL[+ NUMB]1 AC 6PR9T4 EX4 ;P,H #G 333333333333 TA# ( ELE;TS EA* ELE;T IS PLAC$ 9 ALPHABETICAL ORD] ( XS SYMBOL & IS FOLL[$ 0XS ATOMIC NUMB]4 #C4 TA# ( ELE;TS #EB "AC ACT9IUM1 #HI "CU COPP]1 #BI "AG SILV]1 #DG "DY DYSPROSIUM1 "AL ALUM9IUM1 #AC #FF "AM AM]ICIUM1 #IE "ER ]BIUM1 #FH "AR >GON1 #AH "ES E9/E9IUM1 #II "AS >S5IC1 #CC "EU EUROPIUM1 #FC "AT A/AT9E1 #HE ,F FLUOR9E1 #I "AU GOLD1 #GI "FE IRON1 #BF ,B BORON1 #E "FM F]MIUM1 #AJJ "BA B>IUM1 #EF "FR FRANCIUM1 #HG "BE B]YLLIUM1 #D "GA GALLIUM1 #CA "BI BISMU?1 #HC "GD GADOL9IUM1 #FD "BK B]KELIUM1 #IG "GE G]MANIUM1 #CB "BR BROM9E1 #CE ,H HYDROG51 #A ,C C>BON1 #F "HE HELIUM1 #B "CA CALCIUM1 #BJ "HF HAFNIUM1 #GB "CD CADMIUM1 #DH "HG M]CURY1 #HJ "CE C]IUM1 #EH "HO HOLMIUM1 #FG "CF CALI=NIUM1 #IH ,I IOD9E1 #EC "CL *LOR9E1 #AG "IN 9DIUM1 #DI "CM CURIUM1 #IF "IR IRIDIUM1 #GG "CO COBALT1 #BG ,K POTASSIUM1 #AI "CR *ROMIUM1 #BD "KR KRYPTON1 #CF "CS CAESIUM1 #EE "LA LAN?ANUM1 #EG #C4 TA# ( ELE;TS #EC "LI LI?IUM1 #C "PM PROME?IUM1 #FA "LR LAWR5CIUM1 "PO POLONIUM1 #HD #AJC "PR PRASEODYMIUM1 "LU LUTETIUM1 #GA #EI "MD M5DELEVIUM1 "PT PLAT9UM1 #GH #AJA "PU PLUTONIUM1 #ID "MG MAGNESIUM1 #AB "RA RADIUM1 #HH "MN MANGANESE1 #BE "RB RUBIDIUM1 #CG "MO MOLYBD5UM1 #DB "RE RH5IUM1 #GE ,N NITROG51 #G "RH RHODIUM1 #DE "NA SODIUM1 #AA "RN RADON1 #HF "NB NIOBIUM1 #DA "RU RU!NIUM1 #DD "ND NEODYMIUM1 #FJ ,S SULPHUR1 #AF "NE NEON1 #AJ "SB ANTIMONY1 #EA "NI NICKEL1 #BH "SC SC&IUM1 #BA "NO NOBELIUM1 #AJB "SE SEL5IUM1 #CD "NP NEPTUNIUM1 #IC "SI SILICON1 #AD ,O OXYG51 #H "SM SAM>IUM1 #FB "OS OSMIUM1 #GF "SN T91 #EJ ,P PHOSPHORUS1 #AE "SR /RONTIUM1 #CH "PA PROTACT9IUM1 "TA TANTALUM1 #GC #IA "TB T]BIUM1 #FE "PB L1D1 #HB "TC TE*NETIUM1 #DC "PD PALLADIUM1 #DF "TE TELLURIUM1 #EB #C4 TA# ( ELE;TS #ED "TH ?ORIUM1 #IJ ,W TUNG/51 #GD "TI TITANIUM1 #BB "XE X5ON1 #ED "TL ?ALLIUM1 #HA ,Y YTTRIUM1 #CI "TM ?ULIUM1 #FI "YB YTT]BIUM1 #GJ ,U URANIUM1 #IB "ZN Z9C1 #CJ ,V VANADIUM1 #BC "ZR ZIRCONIUM1 #DJ 333333333333 #D4 ELECTRONIC & LOGIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS 9TRODUC;N TWO BASIC ME?ODS = TRANSCRIB+ ELECTRONIC & LOGIC CIRCUITS >E DESCRIB$ 2L3 #A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N2 #B4 BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N IS ! PRIM>Y ME?OD US$ 9 G5]AL TRANSCRIP;N "W1 AL? ! "PICUL> ADVANTAGES (! BRL DESCRIPTIVE ME?OD 7E4G4 9 -PACTLY TRANSCRIB+ -PLEX DIAGRAMS ) FEW LAY\T PRO#MS7 W AL M]IT XS USE 9 S* "W4 ! DI6]5T =MS ( DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N 5A# ! CIRCUIT 7& ANY A3OMPANY+ DIAGRAMMATIC ANNOT,N7 6BE #D4 9TRODUC;N #EE DRAWN DIRECTLY2 OR 6BE DRAWN )! M9IMUM ( DIAGRAMMATIC SYMBOLISM IF PREF]R$2 OR 6BE DRAWN 5TIRELY 9 BRL4 ! BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N IS A P[];L ME?OD 0: ! 3NEC;NS 9 ! CIRCUIT >E EXPRESS$ SEQU5TI,Y R ?AN GRAPHIC,Y1 & MAY 2 US$ O!RWISE Z REQUIR$4 ! ME?ODS ( DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N 7EXCEPT ! DIRECT REPRES5T,N7 &! BRL DESCRIPTIVE ME?OD EA* USE ! -PON5T & 3NEC;N A2REVI,NS GIV5 9 TA#S ;A & ;B4 TA# ;C1 GIV+ ELECTRONIC -PON5T & LOGIC SYMBOLS1 IS 6BE US$ =! ID5TIFIC,N ( SYMBOLS & 3NEC;NS4 O!R SY/EMS ( REPRES5T+ CIRCUITS D EXI/ & >E 9 USE1 B ^! >E N DESCRIB$ "H S9CE !Y G5],Y REQUIRE SPECIALI/ K & 9VOLVE 9T]PRET,N ( CIRCUITS 9 ORD] 6BE US$ E6ECTIVELY1 : 0 FELT 6BE \ ( PLACE 9 ? G5]AL USE CODE4 333333333333 #A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N 9 ANY (! =MS ( DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N DESCRIB$ 2L1 "O IS LIA# #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #EF 65C.T] SPACE PRO#MS4 X MAY 2 F.D HELP;L 6REMOVE "S (! LABELL+ F ! DIAGRAM 0US+ A KEY1 OR X MAY 2 NEC 6REPRODUCE ! DIAGRAM 9 SEC;NS4 :5 ! LATT] DEVICE IS US$1 ! ME?OD %D 2 EXPLA9$ 2FH&1 &! 3NEC;NS 2T ! SEC;NS CLE>LY 9DICAT$4 7;I7 DIRECT REPRES5T,N 9 ? =M ( REPRES5T,N ! DIAGRAM IS REPRODUC$ 9 TACTILE =M Z X APPE>S 9 PR9T4 ! LABELL+ IS 9 BRL1 & IS G5],Y COD$ AC 6! USUAL MA!MATICS CODE 3V5;NS4 9 "PICUL>1 CAPITAL LRS W NORM,Y REQUIRE DOT #F LR F.T SIGNS1 ?\< -PON5T TYPE LABELS 7E4G4 = TRANSI/ORS7 C 2 TR1T$ LESS =M,Y AC 6S4E4B4 BLOCK SYMBOLS 7S* Z LOGIC GATES7 >E G5],Y M SATISFACTORILY REPRES5T$ Z RAIS$ %APES R ?AN 9 \TL9E4 7;II7 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N ) -PON5TS GIV5 9 BRL ,7REF] 6EXAMPLES #A & #B 7FIGS4 #DH-EA1 P#BE-BH747' 9 ? ME?OD1 ! DIAGRAM IS REPRES5T$ Z #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #EG 9 7;I7 ABV1 B ) -PON5TS 9DICAT$ 0! /&>D BRL A2REVI,NS GIV5 9 TA# ;A1 R ?AN 0_! GRAPHIC SYMBOLS4 REF];E MAY 2 MADE 6TA# ;C 6ID5TIFY -PON5TS4 7SEE ! REM>KS 9 ! .BRL .DESCRIPTIVE .REPRES5T,N SEC;N 2L = GUID.E ON GIV+ A2REVI,NS = BLOCK -PON5TS S* Z 9TEGRAT$ CIRCUITS ETC4 REF] 6! .LOGIC .SYMBOLS SEC;N = GUID.E ON SIMPLE LOGIC SYMBOL ID5TIFI]S47 IF A PR9T LABEL D]IVES F ! /&>D BRL A2REVI,N1 !N ? MAY 2 US$ 6ID5TIFY ! -PON5T4 O!RWISE ! /&>D BRL A2REVI,N %D 2 US$1 )! PR9T LABEL EXPLA9$ 9 A NOTE OR KEY4 -PON5TS N LI/$ 9 TA# ;A MAY EI 2 D5OT$ 0A2REVI,NS DEVIS$ =! PURPOSE 7: M/ 2 EXPLA9$7 OR 2 DRAWN \ DIRECTLY4 -PON5TS ) _M 3NEC;NS 7S* Z 9TEGRAT$ CIRCUITS OR -PLEX LOGIC SYMBOLS7 >E AL M SATISFACTORILY REPRES5T$ GRAPHIC,Y4 SPECIAL 3NEC;NS >E 9DICAT$1 ": APPROPRIATE1 0! T]M9AL A2REVI,NS GIV5 9 TA# ;B1 PLAC$ ADJAC5T 6! L1DS 5T]+ ! -PON5T4 7? 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DIAGRAM4 #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #EI 7;III7 BRL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N ,7REF] 6EXAMPLES #C1 #D1 #E1 #F1 #G & #H 7ON P#FC-FH 9 ? VOLUME747' 9 ? ME?OD ! CIRCUIT DIAGRAM IS REPRES5T$ 5TIRELY 9 BRL3 ! -PON5TS & SPECIAL 3NEC;NS >E 9DICAT$ 0A2REVI,NS Z 9 7;II7 ABV2 ! 3NECT+ L9ES >E 9DICAT$ 0BRL CELLS US$ GRAPHIC,Y4 V]TICAL L9ES >E 9DICAT$ 0DOTS #D-E-F CELLS ALIGN$ V]TIC,Y1 & HORIZONTAL L9ES 0L9ES ( DOTS #B-E CELLS4 CORN]S1 CROSS L9ES & ;T-JUNC;NS >E REPRES5T$ 0! APPROPRIATE CELLS1 US$ GRAPHIC,Y1 63NECT UP ! V]TICAL & HORIZONTAL L9ES4 X MAY 2 NEC 6MODIFY ! >RANGE;T ( "PS (! DIAGRAM 9 ORD] 6AVOID DIAGONAL L9ES : >E N REPRES5T$ SATISFACTORILY 9 BRL4 SOLID SPOTS 9DICAT+ JUNC;NS C NORM,Y 2 OMITT$ = ;T-JUNC;TS1 B %D 2 %[N = CROSS L9ES 0A FULL CELL AT T JUNC;N 9 BRL4 CROSS L9ES N =M+ A JUNC;N MAY 2 %[N 9 PR9T 0! GRAPHICAL DEVICE ( "O WIRE 8BRIDG+0 OV] ! O!R2 ? NE$ N 2 #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #FJ REPRES5T$ 9 BRL--! SIMPLE CROSS L9ES REPRES5T,N %D 2 US$4 -PON5TS 9T]RUPT+ HORIZONTAL L9ES %D 2 SPAC$ 9 T L9E 0"O CELL 2F & AF4 A2REVI,NS 9DICAT+ SPECIAL 3NEC;NS 6T -PON5T >E BRLD ON T SAME L9E1 & >E PLAC$ UNSPAC$ F ! 3NECT+ L1D L9ES 7! -PON5T A2REVI,N REMA9+ SPAC$74 -PON5TS 9T]RUPT+ V]TICAL L9ES %D 2 UNSPAC$ 9 T L9E4 A2REVI,NS 9DICAT+ SPECIAL 3NEC;NS 6T -PON5T >E ALIGN$ 9 T SAME V]TICAL L9E & >E PLAC$ 7UNSPAC$7 2T ! -PON5T A2REVI,N &! APPROPRIATE 3NECT+ L1D L9ES4 A TWO-T]M9AL -PON5T A2REVI,N 9T]RUPT+ A V]TICAL L9E : HAS J "O ADJAC5T SPECIAL 3NEC;N A2REVI,N %D 2 PREC$$ 0A DOT #E 9 ORD] 64T+UI% X F ! 3NEC;N A2REVI,N4 7? DEVICE W N 2 NEC :5 ! -PON5T HAS 3NEC;N A2REVI,NS BO? ABV & 2L X--! -PON5T A2REVI,N IS CLE>LY ! MI4LE "O47 :5 A -PON5T HAS S"EAL 3NEC;NS ON ! SAME SIDE ) HORIZONTAL L1DS1 !Y MAY 2 PLAC$ "O ABV ! O!R1 B ONLY ! F/ W 2 ON #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #FA ! SAME L9E Z ! -PON5T ID5TIFI]4 ,7SEE EXAMPLES #E & #G 7P#FF & #FG 9 ? VOLUME747' ! 3NEC;N L9ES %D 2 PRODUC$ S T _! 5DS >E ALIGN$ V]TIC,Y 79CLUD+ ANY 3NEC;N A2REVI,NS74 -PON5TS ) S"EAL V]TICAL L1DS >E TR1T$ ANALOG\SLY1 AL? 9 ? CASE X MAY 2 POSSI# = TWO OR M V]TICAL 3NEC;NS ON ! SAME SIDE 6BE PLAC$ AG/ A -PON5T ID5TIFI] IF ! LATT] 3SI/S ( S"EAL CELLS4 :5 US+ ? ME?OD "O %D 2 C>E;L 6SPACE -PON5TS ADEQUATELY 9 ORD] T ! 9T5D$ ATTA*;T ( 8/RAY 5D0 3NEC;NS 2 CLE>4 = GRT] CL>;Y1 A BLOCK -PON5T C 2 %[N ) XS \TL9E REPRES5T$ 9 BRL4 ? W AVOID 8/RAY 5D0 3NEC;NS 7S9CE ALL ! 3NEC;NS W MEET ! BLOCK \TL9E Z 9 PR9T71 B W REQUIRE EXTRA SPACE4 ,7SEE EXAMPLES #F & #H 7P#FF & #FH 9 ? VOLUME747' R[S & COLUMNS ( FULL CELLS %D 2 US$ 6REPRES5T ! \TL9E1 64T+UI% X F 3NECT+ L1DS : >E REPRES5T$ Z S+LE DOT L9ES4 X W N 2 PRACTICA# 6REPRES5T ! SPECIAL %APES ( LOGIC GATES ETC41 S ID5TIFY+ A2REVI,NS W / 2 REQUIR$4 7X W #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #FB N NORM,Y 2 NEC1 H["E1 6SPECI,Y 9DICATE ! \TPUT 7OR 9PUTS7 ( S* GATES1 S9CE ! POSI;N (! 3NEC;NS ON ! BLOCK \TL9E %D MAKE ? CLE>47 ? ME?OD W AL 5A# -PLEX LOGIC SYMBOLS 6BE REPRES5T$1 ! FULL CELLS 2+ US$ 6REPRES5T BO? ! \TL9E Z WELL Z ! 9T]NAL SUB-BLOCKS (! SYMBOL4 #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #FC EXAMPLE #C BI/A# BRL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N3 ,7SEE FIG4 #DH1 P#BE = S\RCE DIAGRAM7' ;333333333333333333343 ,V*,C,C _ _ 7#F ,V7 _ _ _ _ R3 R4 _ _ ,Q: _ _ \TPUT 33=33 R1 334 ;33 R2 33=333 ,Q _ _ _ _ \TPUT _ ;3W3J _ C _ _ C TRN1 B3W ^33343B TRN2 E _ _ E _ R5 R6 _ _ _ _ _ ^333333W33333W333333=333 #J ,V _ _ _ _ _ _ 9PUT 9PUT E? #A #B #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #FD ,R1 ,R2 ,R5 ,R6,3 #AE K_W ,R3 ,R4,3 #A K_W ,,TRN1 7LABELL$ ,TR1,71 ,,TRN2 7LABELL$ ,TR2,73 #B;N#CJEC OR ;BFY#EA4 111111111111 #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #FE EXAMPLE #D AL>M CIRCUIT BRL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N3 7SEE FIG4 #EJ1 P#BG = S\RCE DIAGRAM7' ;6#AE ,V 3333334 _ _ LSR _ #J ,V 334 _33333;- OP 333333334 _ _ ;33;6 #A _ _ _ _ LED _ R _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ R1 _ _ _ #B _ ^333W33=3333333333333333J _ _ _ _ ;-#AE ,V 333333J E? ,7,,LSR IS LABELL$ ,,LDR,4 ! VOLTAGE 2T PO9TS #A & #B IS ,V0,4 ! ;- & ;6 3NEC;NS ( ,O,P >E AT ,V1 & ,V2 #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #FF RESPECTIVELY47' 111111111111 .SIMPLE .LOGIC .GATES3 S\RCE DIAGRAM 7NON-;IEC SYMBOLS73 SEE FIG4 #EB1 P#BI4 BRL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N3 EXAMPLE #E 3333 OR \3333 & \3333 3333 ;33 _ 3333333333J 111111111111 OR3 EXAMPLE #F ====== ====== 3333= = ;333= = = OR =33J = & =3333 3333= = ;333= = ====== _ ====== _ 333333333333J 111111111111 #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #FG S\RCE DIAGRAM 7;IEC SYMBOLS73 SEE FIG4 #EC1 P#BI4 BRL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N3 EXAMPLE #G 3333 =O7#A \3333 =& \3333 3333 ;33 _ 3333333333333J ,7LOGIC GATE ID5TIFI]S = ;IEC /YLE LOGIC SYMBOLS 3SI/ (A = SIGN 9DICAT+ A 8BLOCK0 -PON5T1 FOLL[$ 0! 8QUALIFY+ SYMBOL0 : IS GIV5 9 PR9T 9SIDE ! BOX4 REF] 6! .LOGIC .SYMBOLS SEC;N = FUR!R GUID.E ON ? IF REQUIR$47' 111111111111 #D#A4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N #FH OR3 EXAMPLE #H ======== ======== 3333= = ;333= = = O7#A =33J = & =3333 3333= = ;333= = ======== _ ======== _ 33333333333333J 333333333333 #B4 BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N ,7REF] 6EXAMPLES #I1 #AJ & #AA 7ON P#GH-HJ & #HE-F 9 ? VOLUME747' 9 ? ME?OD1 ! CIRCUIT IS PRES5T$ 9 TWO /AGES3 7;A7 4PLAY ( -PON5TS ? "P %[S ! -PON5TS1 CIRCUIT T]M9ALS & EXT]NAL 3NEC;NS 4PLAY$ Z AN >RAY1 SET \ APPROXIMATELY Z !Y >E %[N 9 ! PR9T CIRCUIT4 X %D 2 ! AIM 6KEEP ! BRL 4PLAY -PACT1 ) -PON5TS N1TLY ALIGN$ #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #FI V]TIC,Y4 -PON5TS W NORM,Y 2 SPAC$ 9 ! >RAY1 B :5 X IS NEC 9 ORD] 6FIT A L>GE >RAY ACR ! PAGE1 X IS A3EPTA# 6BRL ! -PON5TS UNSPAC$ Z L;G Z "! >E NUM]ICAL SUBSCRIPTS 6SEP>ATE ! ID5TIFY+ A2REVI,NS 7SEE 2L74 L>GE >RAYS MAY AL 2 DIVID$ 96SEC;NS OR BRLD ACR FAC+ PAGES ": NEC3 9 S* CASES ? >RANGE;T %D 2 EXPLA9$ 9 A NOTE 2FH&4 ! >RAY IS PREC$$ & FOLL[$ 0A C5TR$ L9E ( ?REE SPAC$ A/]ISKS4 -PON5TS >E G5],Y ID5TIFI$ US+ ! A2REVI,NS GIV5 9 TA# ;A1 ) SUBSCRIPT NUMB]S 4T+UI%+ -PON5TS (! SAME TYPE1 NUMB]+ -PON5TS 9 ! ORD] LEFT 6"R ACR ! R[S1 & TAK+ ! R[S F TOP 6BOTTOM4 ": A -PON5T HAS A LABEL 9 ! PR9T : /EMS F ! /&>D BRL ID5TIFY+ A2REVI,N1 ? PR9T LABEL MAY 2 US$ 7) XS ATTA*$ PR9T NUMB] OR O!R A6IX IF PRES5T72 O!RWISE ! /&>D BRL A2REVI,N %D 2 US$ &! PR9T LABEL EXPLA9$ LAT]4 LR SIGNS >E N NORM,Y US$ 2F -PON5T ID5TIFI]S 9 ! 4PLAY EV5 :5 CAPITAL #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GJ PR9T LABELS >E US$ = ? PURPOSE 7S9CE !Y MAY G5],Y 2 "U/OOD 6BE S*71 ?\< X MAY 2 NEC 6USE LR SIGNS 6%[ CAPITAL OR O!R LR F.TS ( LRS ATTA*$ 6ID5TIFI]S US+ ! USUAL MA!MATICS CODE LR SIGN 3V5;NS4 -PON5TS )\T A /&>D BRL A2REVI,N %D 2 ID5TIFI$ 0"S O!R SUITABLY *OS5 A2REVI,N4 ? MAY 2 D]IV$ F ! -PON5T'S "N OR 2 ! PR9T LABEL IF N TOO L;G1 B %D 2 4T9CT F ^? LI/$ 9 TA# ;A Z !Y REF] 6^? SPECIFIC -PON5TS4 X MAY ?US 2 NEC 6EXPLA9 S* LABELS 0DESCRIP;NS OR ID5TIFY+ DIAGRAMS1 9 A PRELIM9>Y NOTE OR ELSE": 9 ! TEXT4 9TEGRAT$ CIRCUITS TR1T$ Z 9DIVIDUAL -PON5TS 9 A CIRCUIT MAY G5],Y 2 ID5TIFI$ 0! LABEL ,I,C 7) A6IX$ NUMB]S ETC4 Z NEC74 ! BASIC NON-;IEC LOGIC GATE SYMBOLS .&1 .OR1 ETC4 H SPECIAL ID5TIFI]S4 = SIMPLIC;Y1 ^! ID5TIFI]S MAY AL 2 US$ 9 ? ME?OD =! ;IEC EQUIVAL5T SYMBOLS = S* ELE;T>Y 7UNCOMB9$7 GATES1 ?\< X W G5],Y 2 #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GA ADVISA# 6EXPLA9 9 A BRL NOTE T ! O!R /YLE ( SYMBOL IS 9 FACT US$ 9 ! PR9T4 REF] 6! SEC;N ON LOGIC SYMBOLS = G5]AL GUID.E ON LOGIC SYMBOL ID5TIFI]S4 O!R -PON5TS REPRES5T$ Z BLOCKS 9 PR9T MAY EI 2 ID5TIFI$ 0A SUITABLY *OS5 A2REVI,N : MAY AG 2 D]IV$ F ! -PON5T'S "N OR 2 XS PR9T LABEL 7IF PRES5T7 IF X IS 4T9CT & N TOO L;G1 OR ELSE 2 ID5TIFI$ 0! G5]AL BLOCK ID5TIFI] =,1 ) A6IX Z NEC 7E4G4 Z >E ! MA/] & SLAVE FLIP-FLOPS 9 EXAMPLE #AA74 ": NEC1 ^! ID5TIFI]S & ANY A4I;NAL 9=M,N %D 2 EXPLA9$ 0DESCRIP;NS OR DIAGRAMS4 9 "PICUL>1 -PLEX LOGIC SYMBOLS >E ID5TIFI$ BY = SYMBOLS : MAY 2 EXP&$ 0! ME?OD GIV5 9 ! SEC;N ON LOGIC SYMBOLS1 ? EXPAN.N 2+ PLAC$ )! 9=M,N AF ! 4PLAY1 OR ELSE DIRECTLY 9 A DRAWN \ DIAGRAM4 CIRCUIT T]M9ALS & O!R EXT]NAL 3NEC;NS >E G5],Y 9DICAT$ BY X SYMBOLS1 & 4T+UI%$ 0SUBSCRIPT NUMB]S 9 ! SAME WAY Z -PON5TS4 C]TA9 #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GB EXT]NAL 3NEC;NS S* Z A]IAL & E>? H _! [N ID5TIFI]S4 EXT]NAL 3NEC;NS : >E LABELL$ 9 PR9T 7E4G4 ;A,1 ;B,1 ;C,1 ETC47 MAY 2 LABELL$ 9 ! SAME WAY 9 ! BRL )\T US+ ! X SYMBOL1 IF !Y >E N TOO L;G4 LR SIGNS %D 2 US$ :5 ^! LABELS >E LRS1 64T+UI% !M F ! /&>D A2REVI,NS GIV5 9 TA#S ;A & ;B4 :5 X IS N 3V5I5T 6USE S* PR9T LABELS 9 ! 4PLAY1 ! X SYMBOL %D 2 US$1 )! PR9T NOT,N & O!R S* 9=M,N EXPLA9$ AF ! 4PLAY4 :5 ! CIRCUIT DOES N D]IVE F A PR9T CIRCUIT1 OR IS N 9T5D$ 6REPRES5T A PR9T CIRCUIT1 ? /AGE 9 ! PRES5T,N MAY 2 4P5S$ )4 7;B7 3NEC;N ( -PON5TS1 & O!R 9=M,N 9 ? "P1 ! 3NEC;NS 2T ! -PON5TS & T]M9ALS 4PLAY$ 9 ! >RAY >E LI/$1 TGR ) A4I;NAL 9=M,N EXPLA9+ ! CIRCUIT4 ! 9=M,N IS >RANG$ Z A SEQU;E ( 5TRIES1 EA* />T+ 9 CELL #A ) RUNOV]S 9 CELL #C4 #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GC .! .A4I;NAL .9=M,N4 ! A4I;NAL 9=M,N IS GIV5 F/4 ? MAY 9CLUDE ! SPECIFIC,N ( =MAL X & = SIGNS US$ 7E4G4 ! X'S Z 9PUTS OR \TPUTS2 ! ='S Z 2+ ( "PICUL> TYPE72 VOLTAGES ( BATT]IES OR O!R 3NEC;NS2 PR9T -PON5T LABELS N GIV5 9 ! 4PLAY OR EXPLA9$ ELSE": 7B N -PON5T VALUES1 : C 2 TABULAT$ LAT]72 EXPLAN,N ( SPECIAL 3NEC;NS N DESCRIB$ 0! /&>D A2REVI,NS2 ETC4 S* 9=M,N W USU,Y 2 GIV5 Z A S+LE 5TRY1 ) PUNCTU,N US$ Z APPROPRIATE 6SEP>ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL ITEMS4 X MAY1 H["E1 2 DESIRA# 6USE SEP>ATE 5TRIES = L;G] ITEMS S* Z EXPAN.NS ( BLOCK ID5TIFI]S US+ ! ME?OD EXPLA9$ 9 ! SEC;N ON LOGIC SYMBOLS1 = CL>;Y4 LR SIGNS %D 2 US$ :5 GIV+ S* 9=M,N AC 6! USUAL MA!MATICS 3V5;NS4 ANY X SYMBOLS %D 2 %[N Z 2+ CAPITAL1 Z >E ! /&>D BRL A2REVI,NS GIV5 9 TA# ;A1 EV5 IF !Y 3TA9 A BRL 3TRAC;N 7A"P F ! = SIGN1 : IS PURELY SYMBOLIC74 #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GD .! .T]M9AL .ID5TIFI]S4 9 ORD] 6SPECIFY ! 3NEC;NS 9 ! CIRCUIT1 ! T]M9ALS ( -PON5TS >E ID5TIFI$ 0APP5D+ A NUMB] OR O!R LABEL 6-PON5T ID5TIFI]S4 T]M9ALS LI/$ 9 TA# ;B >E ID5TIFI$ 0! /&>D BRL A2REVI,NS GIV5 9 T TA#2 ?US1 = EXAMPLE1 B1;6 9DICATES ! POSITIVE T]M9AL ( BATT]Y #A4 PR9T LABELS MAY 2 US$ = O!R T]M9ALS ": GIV51 B ANY AMBIGUITIES )! /&>D BRL T]M9AL A2REVI,NS %D 2 CL>IFI$ 9 A PRELIM9>Y NOTE 6! CIRCUIT PRES5T,N4 X MAY 2 NEC 6DEVISE A2REVI,NS 6ID5TIFY O!R SPECIAL T]M9ALS3 ^! MAY 2 EXPLA9$ 9 ! 8A4I;NAL 9=M,N0 5TRY Z DESCRIB$ ABV1 OR 9 A PRELIM9>Y NOTE OR KEY Z 3V5I5T4 T]M9AL ID5TIFI]S F TA# ;B1 OR ^? DEVIS$ =! PURPOSE1 W N REQUIRE LR SIGNS "H UN.S X IS NEC 6SEP>ATE LRS ,A-,J F A PREC$+ NUMB]1 9 : CASE ! DOT #F LR SIGN IS US$4 :5 PR9T LABELS >E US$ = ? PURPOSE1 H["E1 CAPITAL OR O!R F.TS %D 2 EXPLICITLY %[N AC 6! USUAL MA!MATICS #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GE CODE 3V5;NS1 9 ORD] T ! PR9T 2 FAI?;LLY REPRES5T$4 T]M9ALS )\T SPECIAL "NS 7E4G4 ! TWO T]M9ALS (A RESI/OR7 >E ID5TIFI$ 0A L[] NUMB] 7)\T A NUM]AL SIGN74 :5 ! -PON5T HAS TWO S* T]M9ALS ! 3V5;N ( LABELL+ ! TOP OR LEFT-H& T]M9AL #A &! BOTTOM OR "R-H& T]M9AL #B1 %D G5],Y 2 ADH]$ TO4 A L[] NUMB] T]M9AL ID5TIFI] IMMLY FOLL[+ A L[] NUMB] -PON5T ID5TIFI] %D 2 SEP>AT$ F X 0A DOT #C2 ?US1 = EXAMPLE1 R2'1 9DICATES T]M9AL #A ( RESI/OR #B4 IF A L[] NUMB] OR O!R 4T+UI%+ A6IX 6! -PON5T ID5TIFI] IS ABS5T 7E4G4 IF "! IS ONLY "O -PON5T ( T TYPE 9 ! CIRCUIT71 !N ! DOT #C SEP>ATOR %D / 2 US$ 2F ! L[] NUMB] T]M9AL ID5TIFI]4 ?US IF ! CIRCUIT _H ONLY "O RESI/OR ,R,1 T]M9AL #A ( T RESI/OR WD 2 9DICAT$ 0! R'1 GR\P4 T]M9AL A2REVI,NS MAY !MVS REQUIRE NUMB]S OR O!R LABELS APP5D$ 9 ORD] 6SPECIFY ! T]M9ALS4 = EXAMPLE1 AN .OR LOGIC SYMBOL MAY H TWO 9PUTS1 ID5TIFI$ Z #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GF ORIN1 & ORIN2 RESPECTIVELY4 T]M9ALS ( TRANS=M]S >E ID5TIFI$ 0F/ 9DICAT+ ! W9D+1 !N ! 3NEC;N 6! W9D+4 ! TWO 5DS (A W9D+ %D 2 NUMB]$ #A & #B1 & TAPP+S NUMB]$ F #C ONW>DS4 X W N NORM,Y 2 NEC 6USE ! 8TAPP+0 A2REVI,N "H ) ^! 3V5;NS4 ?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! SECOND 5D (! F/ W9D+ ( TRANS=M] #C WD 2 9DICAT$ 0! T3'1'2 GR\P4 ../AT+ ! CIRCUIT .3NEC;NS4 ! 3NEC;NS 9 ! CIRCUIT >E GIV5 9 A NUMB] ( SEQU;ES4 EA* SEQU;E 3SI/S ( ^? T]M9ALS : >E DIRECTLY 3NECT$1 )! 9DIVIDUAL T]M9AL ID5TIFI]S 9 ! SEQU;E SEP>AT$ 0DOT #E'S2 ?US1 = EXAMPLE1 B1;6"R2'1 9DICATES T ! POSITIVE T]M9AL ( BATT]Y #A IS 3NECT$ 6T]M9AL #A ( RESI/OR #B4 EA* SEQU;E IS NORM,Y TR1T$ Z A SEP>ATE CELL #A 5TRY 7) RUNOV]S 9 CELL #C71 ?\< :5 "! >E S"EAL %ORT SEQU;ES GIV+ ANALOG\S 3NEC;NS 7Z FREQU5TLY O3UR ) -PLEX DIGITAL CIRCUITS71 ^? SEQU;ES MAY 2 ADVANTAGE\SLY PLAC$ 9 A S+LE 5TRY1 #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GG L1V+ A BLANK CELL 2T SEQU;ES4 X MAY AL 2 POSSI# 6USE HYPH5S 6/ATE S* CASES -PACTLY4 = EXAMPLE1 IC2'1-IC2'10"C1'2 W M1N P9S #A 6#AJ ( ,I,C2 >E 3NECT$ 6T]M9AL #B ( ,C1,4 9 G5]AL "O %D TRY 6BE FAIRLY SY/EMATIC 9 ! ORD] 9 : ! 3NEC;NS 9 ! CIRCUIT >E GIV54 ?US =A -PLEX ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT "O MILY ONLY 2 AN APPROXIMATE S*EME4 -PON5T VALUES >E TABULAT$ 2N ! 3NEC;N 5TRIES1 AF A BLANK L9E4 ! DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N (! CIRCUIT IS F9I%$ )A C5TR$ L9E ( #AB DOT #B'S4 #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GH EXAMPLE #I BI/A# BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N3 ,7SEE FIG4 #DH1 P#BE = S\RCE DIAGRAM7' 99 99 99 X1 R3 R4 X2 R1 R2 X3 TRN1 TRN2 R5 R6 X4 X5 X6 E? 99 99 99 ,X1,3 ,V*,C,C 7#F ,V72 ,X2,3 ,Q: \TPUT2 ,X3,3 ,Q \TPUT2 ,X4,3 #J ,V2 ,X5,3 9PUT #A,2 ,X6,3 9PUT #B,2 ,,TRN1 & ,,TRN2 >E LABELL$ ,TR1 & ,TR2 R3'1"R4'1"X1 X2"R3'2"R1'1"TRN1C R1'2"R6'1"TRN2^ TRN1B"R5'1"R2'1 R2'2"R4'2"TRN2C"X3 TRN1E"TRN2E"E?"X4 R5'2"X5 #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #GI R6'2"X6 ,R1 ,R2 ,R5 ,R6,3 #AE K_W ,R3 ,R4,3 #A K_W ,,TRN1 ,,TRN2,3 #B;N#CJEC OR ;BFY#EA 111111111111 #D#B4 DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N #HJ EXAMPLE #AJ AL>M CIRCUIT BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N3 ,7SEE FIG4 #EJ1 P#BG = S\RCE DIAGRAM7' 99 99 99 X1 LSR X2 OP X3 R1 LED R2 X4 E? X5 99 99 99 ,X1,3 ;6#AE ,V2 ,X2,3 #J ,V2 ,X4,3 ;-#AE ,V4 ! VOLTAGE 2T ,X3 & ,X5 IS ,V0,4 ,,OPIN;- IS AT ,V1,2 ,,OPIN;6 IS AT ,V2,4 ,R1 IS LABELL$ ,R,2 ,,LSR IS LABELL$ ,,LDR,4 X1"LSR'1 LSR'2"R1'1"OPIN;- X2"E?"OPIN;6"X5"R2'2 OP\T"X3"LED'1 LED'2"R2'1 X4"R1'2 333333333333 #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #HA LOGIC SYMBOLS ! FOLL[+ GIVES 3V5;NS = ASSIGN+ -PON5T & T]M9AL ID5TIFI]S = LOGIC SYMBOLS1 6BE US$ 9 ! DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,N ME?ODS 7;II7 & 7;III71 &! BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N4 LOGIC SYMBOLS >E GRAPHICAL REPRES5T,NS ( LOGIC FUNC;NS4 !Y >E US$ PRIM>ILY 9 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS1 B H G5]AL APPLIC,N 9 O!R 5G9E]+ 4CIPL9ES4 ! 9T]N,NAL /&>D 7;IEC /&>D7 = S* SYMBOLS IS T !Y 2 REPRES5T$ 0RECTANGUL> BOXES 7) V>I\S QUALIFY+ SYMBOLS71 B ! ALT]NATIVE 3V5;N ( REPRES5T+ BASIC LOGIC GATES 7E4G4 .&1 .OR1 ETC47 0"PICUL> %AP$ SYMBOLS Z GIV5 9 TA# ;C IS / WIDESPR1D4 TA# ;A GIVES ! /&>D BRL A2REVI,NS 6BE US$ 6REPRES5T ! BASIC LOGIC GATES :5 ! NON-;IEC SYMBOL IS US$ 9 PR9T4 = SIMPLIC;Y1 ^! A2REVI,NS C AL 2 US$ = S* ELE;T>Y 7UNCOMB9$7 GATES 9 ! BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N :5 ! ;IEC SYMBOL IS US$ 9 PR9T1 Z ? AVOIDS ! #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #HB NECESS;Y ( ID5TIFY+ BLOCK SYMBOLS REPRES5T+ !M 9 A KEY4 H["E1 IF ? IS D"O1 X W G5],Y 2 ADVISA# 6EXPLA9 9 A BRL NOTE T ! O!R /YLE ( SYMBOL IS 9 FACT US$ 9 ! PR9T4 O!RWISE1 LOGIC SYMBOLS %D G5],Y 2 TR1T$ AC 6! FOLL[+ 3V5;NS4 LOGIC SYMBOLS >E -POS$ Z %[N 9 ! DIAGRAM 9 FIG4 #ED1 P#CJ4 ,703V5;N1 9PUTS >E ON ! LEFT OR TOP1 \TPUTS >E ON ! "R OR BOTTOM (! SYMBOL UN.S %[N O!RWISE 7E4G4 0"R 6LEFT >R[S ON 3NECT+ L9ES OR Z 9DICAT$ 0"PICUL> QUALIFY+ SYMBOLS Z NOT$ 9 TA# ;C747' ! BRL -PON5T ID5TIFI] =A LOGICAL SYMBOL IS BAS$ ON XS G5]AL QUALIFY+ SYMBOL2 T IS1 ! ID5TIFI] 3SI/S (! FULL CELL = FOLL[$ 0T QUALIFY+ SYMBOL IF X IS DIRECTLY TRANSCRIBA#1 OR 0AN A2REVI,N REPRES5T+ X IF X IS GRAPHICAL1 PLUS A NUM]ICAL SUBSCRIPT 64T+UI% SIMIL> SYMBOLS 9 ! DIAGRAM1 IF NEC =! BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N4 7:5 ! \TL9E IS GIV5 9 A DIAGRAMMATIC #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #HC REPRES5T,N ! 9ITIAL FULL CELL IS N REQUIR$47 ^? A2REVI,NS GIV5 9 TA# ;A %D 2 US$ =! SYMBOLS LI/$2 9 O!R CASES SUITA# A2REVI,NS %D 2 DEVIS$ =! PURPOSE4 IF ! QUALIFY+ SYMBOL 3TA9S A SPACE1 !N X %D 2 PLAC$ 9 MA!MATICAL BRACKETS 9 ! -PON5T ID5TIFI] :5 APP5D+ ! FULL CELL4 = DIAGRAMMATIC REPRES5T,NS1 T]M9ALS >E LABELL$ 0_! QUALIFY+ SYMBOL7S7 IF PRES5T 7M>K$ 99 9 ! DIAGRAM 9 FIG4 #ED1 P#CJ7 :5 DIRECTLY TRANSCRIBA#1 OR 0A2REVI,NS REPRES5T+ !M IF !Y >E GRAPHICAL4 ^? A2REVI,NS GIV5 9 TA# ;B %D 2 US$ =! SYMBOLS LI/$3 9 O!R CASES SUITA# A2REVI,NS %D 2 DEVIS$ =! PURPOSE4 :5 ! \TL9E IS N %[N &A T]M9AL HAS BO? EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL QUALIFY+ SYMBOLS 6! \TL9E1 !Y %D 2 SEP>AT$ 0A SEMICOLON 7FOLL[$ 0A SPACE7 )! GR\P 5CLOS$ 9 MA!MATICAL BRACKETS4 IF ! \TL9E IS %[N1 !N ! QUALIFY+ SYMBOLS %D 2 PLAC$ 9SIDE OR \TSIDE ! \TL9E Z %[N 9 PR9T4 #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #HD =! BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N ! T]M9AL ID5TIFI]S 3SI/ (! -PON5T ID5TIFI] FOLL[$ 0! 9PUT OR \TPUT A2REVI,N Z APPROPRIATE2 )A NUM]ICAL SUBSCRIPT1 OR O!R S* LABEL IF GIV5 9 PR9T1 64T+UI% DI6]5T 9PUTS OR \TPUTS 6! SYMBOL IF NEC2 APP5D$ )! QUALIFY+ SYMBOL7S7 ON ! T]M9AL Z ABV 7IF PRES5T74 MA!MATICAL BRACKETS >E US$ = T]M9AL QUALIFY+ SYMBOLS 3TA9+ A SPACE Z ) G5]AL QUALIFY+ SYMBOLS4 :5 A T]M9AL HAS BO? EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL QUALIFY+ SYMBOLS 6! \TL9E1 !Y %D 2 SEP>AT$ 0A SEMICOLON 7FOLL[$ 0A SPACE71 & BRACKETS 5CLOS+ ! QUALIFY+ GR\P W 2 NEC4 /&>D BRL A2REVI,NS = QUALIFY+ SYMBOLS GIV5 9 TA#S ;A & ;B W N REQUIRE LR SIGNS UN.S X IS NEC 6SEP>ATE A LR ,A-,J F A PREC$+ NUMB]1 9 : CASE ! DOT #F LR SIGN IS US$4 PR9T QUALIFY+ SYMBOLS & O!R LABELL+ TRANSCRIB$ DIRECTLY1 H["E1 W REQUIRE LR F.T SIGNS 9 A3ORD.E )! USUAL #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #HE MA!MATICS CODE 3V5;NS1 UN.S ! PR9T 3V5;NS >E O!RWISE MADE CLE> 2FH&4 7QUALIFY+ A2REVI,NS >E1 9 FACT1 G5],Y 9 CAPITALS 9 PR9T47 EXAMPLE #AA MA/]-SLAVE ,J-,K FLIP-FLOP BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N3 ,7SEE FIG4 #EE1 P#CA = S\RCE DIAGRAM7' 99 99 99 X1 &1 =1 &2 =2 X2 X3 &3 OR &4 X4 X5 NOT X6 99 99 99 ,X1,3 ,J,2 ,X2,3 ,Q,2 ,X3,3 ,C,K,2 ,X4,3 ,Q:,2 ,X5,3 ,K,2 ,X6,3 ,,CLR,4 =1,3 MA/]2 =2,3 SLAVE4 X1"&1IN2 &1IN1"=2\T2N"X4 &1\T"=1IN1,R =1\T1"&2IN1 &2\T"=2IN1,R =2\T1"X2"&3IN3 X3"&1IN3"&3IN1"NOTIN #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #HF X5"&3IN2 &3\T"ORIN1 OR\T"=1IN2,S =1\T2N"&4IN1 NOT\T"&2IN2"&4IN2 &4\T"=2IN2,S X6"ORIN2 111111111111 -POSITE LOGIC SYMBOLS Z A M1NS ( SIMPLIFY+ DIAGRAMS1 LOGIC SYMBOLS MAY 2 %[N JUXTAPOS$ )9 A S+LE RECTANGUL> \TL9E 6=M A -POSITE LOGIC SYMBOL4 X IS ! 3V5;N T LOGIC SYMBOLS >E ONLY 3NECT$ ACR V]TICAL JUNC;NS1 N HORIZONTAL JUNC;NS1 )9 S* -POSITE SYMBOLS4 )! DIAGRAMMATIC ME?ODS ( REPRES5T,N1 X IS BE/ = S* -POSITE SYMBOLS 6BE REPRES5T$ ) _! \TL9ES & 9T]NAL L9ES %[N1 & !N TR1T$ 9 ! SAME WAY Z NON-COMPOSITE LOGIC SYMBOLS4 ! FOLL[+ TE*NIQUES >E ONLY REQUIR$ =! BRL DESCRIPTIVE ME?OD ( REPRES5T,N4 9 ! 4PLAY ( -PON5TS 9 ! BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N1 -POSITE LOGIC #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #HG SYMBOLS %D 2 %[N SIMPLY 0A FULL CELL = )A 4T+UI%+ SUBSCRIPT NUMB] IF REQUIR$4 ! -POSI;N ( ? LOGIC SYMBOL IS !N EXPLA9$ 0XS 8EXPAN.N0 GIV5 Z AN 5TRY 9 ! SECOND /AGE (! PRES5T,N (! DIAGRAM4 ! EXPAN.N 3SI/S (! -PON5T ID5TIFI]S =! 3/ITU5T LOGIC SYMBOLS 7) 4T+UI%+ NUM]ICAL SUBSCRIPTS IF NEC7 SET \ AC 6! FOLL[+ TWO PR9CIPLES3 7#A7 LOGIC SYMBOLS OR GR\PS ( SYMBOLS PLAC$ "O ABV ! O!R 7IMPLY+ NO 3NEC;N7 >E PLAC$ )9 MA!MATICAL BRACKETS Z A SPAC$ SEQU;E4 7#B7 LOGIC SYMBOLS OR GR\PS ( SYMBOLS : BUTT "O AG/ ! O!R 7IMPLY+ A 3NEC;N7 >E BRLD 9 ! SAME ORD]1 SEP>AT$ 0A DOT #E4 E4G4 =! SYMBOL 9 FIG4 #EF1 P#CB1 WE WD WRITE =1,3 <=&1 =&2 =&3> =! SYMBOLS 9 FIGS4 #EG1 #EH OR #EI ON P#CB-CC1 WE WD WRITE =2,3 =O7#A"=& &=! SYMBOL 9 FIG4 #FJ1 P#CC1 WE WD #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #HH WRITE =3,3 <=&1 =&2 =&3>"=O7#A NOTE T ! A2REVI,NS =! EQUIVAL5T NON-;IEC SYMBOLS 7.OR1 .N1 ETC47 >E N US$ 9 S* -POSITE LOGIC SYMBOLS3 ! PR9T %D 2 TRANSCRIB$ DIRECTLY4 X IS ! 3V5;N 9 PR9T T LOGIC SYMBOLS /ACK$ "O ABV ! O!R & EA* HAV+ ! SAME G5]AL QUALIFY+ SYMBOL 7Z 9 ! F/ EXAMPLE ABV71 MAY 2 %[N )! QUALIFY+ SYMBOL 9 ! TOP LOGIC SYMBOL ONLY4 ?US1 ! SYMBOLS 9 FIGS4 #FA & #FB1 P#CD1 >E EQUIVAL5T4 :5 S* A SYMBOL IS EXP&$ Z ABV1 H["E1 ! QUALIFY+ SYMBOL %D 2 EXPLICITLY %[N = EA* ( ^? -PON5T LOGIC SYMBOLS4 ! SAME 3V5;N MAY AL 2 US$ = QUALIFI]S ON 9PUTS OR \TPUTS3 ! QUALIFI]S %D AG 2 9DIVIDU,Y %[N = EA* S* 3NEC;N 9 ! BRL4 A LOGIC SYMBOL : HAS A HORIZONTAL L9E DRAWN ACR XS TOP & IS PLAC$ AT ! BOTTOM (A /ACK ( LOGIC SYMBOLS IS A -MON \TPUT ELE;T1 & IS ID5TIFI$ 0! A2REVI,N CO 7FOLL[+ ! FULL CELL74 IF #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #HI ! -MON \TPUT ELE;T AL HAS A G5]AL QUALIFY+ SYMBOL1 !N ? FOLL[S ! CO A2REVI,N AF A COLON & SPACE1 )! PAIR PLAC$ 9 MA!MATICAL BRACKETS AF ! FULL CELL4 ,7? ELE;T SIGNIFIES T ! \TPUTS ( EA* (! LOGIC SYMBOLS 9 ! /ACK ABV X >E 9PUTS 6T -MON \TPUT ELE;T47' A LOGIC SYMBOL )! "*I/IC \TL9E %[N 9 FIG4 #FC1 P#CD1 IS A -MON 3TROL BLOCK1 & IS ID5TIFI$ 0! A2REVI,N CC 7FOLL[+ ! FULL CELL74 IF ! -MON 3TROL BLOCK AL HAS A G5]AL QUALIFY+ SYMBOL1 !N ? FOLL[S ! CC A2REVI,N AF A COLON & SPACE1 )! PAIR PLAC$ 9 MA!MATICAL BRACKETS AF ! FULL CELL4 ? IS ! ONLY 4T9CTIVELY %AP$ LOGIC SYMBOL 9 ! ;IEC /&>D4 ,7X SIGNIFIES T 9PUTS 6! -MON 3TROL BLOCK >E -MON 9PUTS 6! LOGIC SYMBOLS 2L 7SUBJECT 6ANY QUALIFY+ DEP5DANCY NOT,N %[N747' =! BRL DESCRIPTIVE REPRES5T,N A T]M9AL ID5TIFI] =A LOGIC SYMBOL )9 A -POSITE SYMBOL 3SI/S (! USUAL T]M9AL ID5TIFI] =! 9DIVIDUAL -PON5T LOGIC #D4 LOGIC SYMBOLS #IJ SYMBOL 7BAS$ ON XS -PON5T ID5TIFI] Z GIV5 9 ! EXPAN.N (! -POSITE SYMBOL71 PREC$$ 0! ID5TIFI] =! -POSITE LOGIC SYMBOL Z A :OLE 7Z GIV5 9 ! 4PLAY ( -PON5TS74 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! SYMBOL =3 GIV5 ABV1 ! 3NEC;N M>K$ ;X 9 FIG4 #FD1 P#CE1 WD 2 ID5TIFI$ BY =3=&2IN2DY,4 333333333333 TA# ;A BRL A2REVI,NS = ELECTRONIC -PON5TS & LOGIC SYMBOLS ;A A]IAL3 AE AMPLIFI]3 AM A/A# ELE;T3 A A/A# ELE;T1 SYN*RON\SLY />T+3 AS A/A# ELE;T1 /OPP+ AF -PLE;N ( LA/ PULSE3 AL A/A# ELE;T1 SYN*RON\SLY />T+1 /OPP+ AF -PLE;N ( LA/ PULSE3 ASL ;B BATT]Y ( CELLS3 B BELL3 BL #D4 TA# ;A #IA BLOCK SYMBOL1 E4G4 LOGIC SYMBOL3 = 7? SYMBOL DOES N REQUIRE DOT #F'S 9 ORD9>Y TEXT2 X IS N REG>D$ Z REPRES5T+ CAPITAL LRS47 BU6] 7FL[ 6! LEFT73 BUL BU6] 7FL[ 6! "R73 BUR BUZZ]3 BZ ;C CAPACITOR3 C ELECTROLYTIC3 CEL PRE-SET3 CP V>IA#3 CV ) 9H]5T V>IABIL;Y3 CIV CELL3 CL PHOTOVOLTAIC3 CLP CA?ODE RAY TUBE3 CRT -MON 3TROL BLOCK3 CC -MON \TPUT ELE;T3 CO ;D DIODE 7SEMI-3DUCTOR73 D LIPH"O3 E> E>?3 E? ;F FRAME OR *ASSIS 3NEC;N3 FR FUSE3 FU ;H H1T]3 H ;I 9TEGRAT$ CIRCUIT3 IC 9DUCTOR3 L DU/ CORE3 LD F]ROMAGNETIC CORE3 LF PRESET3 LP 7OR LDP1 LFP7 V>IA#3 LV 7OR LDV1 LFV7 ) 9TR9SIC V>IABIL;Y3 LIV 7OR LDIV1 LFIV7 ;L LAMP3 LP FILA;T3 LPF NEON3 LPN SIGNAL3 LPS TUBUL> FLUORESC5T3 LPTF #D4 TA# ;A #IC LOGIC GATES &3 & N&3 N& NOR3 NOR N3 NOT OR3 OR EXCLUSIVE OR3 XOR L\DSP1K]3 LS ;M MET]3 M AMMET]3 MA FREQU5CY MET]3 MF GALVANOMET]3 MG VOLTMET]3 MV MICROPH"O3 MK MONO/A# RETRI7]A#3 MR NON-RETRI7]A#3 MNR MOTOR3 MO ;O OP],NAL AMPLIFI]3 OP ;P PH"OS3 PH PLUG3 PL #D4 TA# ;A #ID POT5TIAL DIVID]3 PD P[] SUPPLY3 P[ ;AC3 P[AC ;DC3 P[DC ;R RELAY3 RY RESI/OR3 R LIIA#3 RV ) 9H]5T V>IABIL;Y3 RIV ;S S*MITT TRI7]3 SCH SIGNAL G5]ATOR3 SG SOCKET3 SKT SWIT*3 S NORM,Y OP53 SO NORM,Y CLOS$3 SC RE$3 SR RE$1 NORM,Y OP53 SRO RE$1 NORM,Y CLOS$3 SRC ;T !RMI/OR3 !R ;NTC 7NEGATIVE TEMP]ATURE COE6ICI5T #D4 TA# ;A #IE DEP5D5T73 !N ;PTC 7POSITIVE TEMP]ATURE COE6ICI5T DEP5D5T73 !P !RMOC\PLE3 !C !RMO/AT3 !T ?YRI/OR3 ?Y TRANS=M]3 T AIR-CORE3 TA DU/-CORE3 TD F]ROMAGNETIC CORE3 TF LAM9AT$ CORE3 TL TRANSI/OR FIELD E6ECT 7F4E4T471 9SULAT$ GATE1 ;N *ANNEL3 TRFIN FIELD E6ECT 7F4E4T471 9SULAT$ GATE1 ;P *ANNEL3 TRFIP FIELD E6ECT 7F4E4T471 JUNC;N GATE1 ;N *ANNEL3 TRFJN FIELD E6ECT 7F4E4T471 JUNC;N GATE1 ;P *ANNEL3 TRFJP ;NPN3 TRN ;PNP3 ;TRP UNIJUNC;N3 TRU TRIAC3 TC #D4 TA# ;A #IF ;V VALVE3 V DIODE3 VD P5TODE3 VP TETRODE3 VTE TRIODE3 VTR 333333333333 TA# ;B BRL A2REVI,NS = T]M9ALS ;A ACTIVE L[3 AL ACTIVE L[1 "R-TO-LEFT SIGNAL FL[3 AL[3 ANODE3 AN >M3 AR ;B BASE3 B BI-?RE%OLD3 BT ;C CA?ODE3 K COIL 7( RELAY73 CL COLLECTOR3 C 3TACT3 CT ;D DEF9$ 0LABEL 9SIDE SYMBOL3 DL #D4 TA# ;B #IG DRA93 D DYNAMIC3 DY ;E EMITT]3 E ;F FILA;T3 F ;G GATE3 G GRID3 GR ;H H1T]3 H ;I 9PUT3 IN ;N NEGATIVE3 ;- NEG,N3 N ;O OP5-CIRCUIT3 OP OP5 CIRCUIT1 HI< TYPE3 OPH OP5 CIRCUIT1 L[ TYPE3 OPL \TPUT3 \T ;P PASSIVE PULL-D[N3 PPD PASSIVE PULL-UP3 PPU #D4 TA# ;B #IH POSITIVE3 ;6 PO/PON$3 PO ;S S\RCE3 S SUB/RATE3 S/ SUPPLY3 SUP ;T TAPP+3 T #C-/ATE3 #CS ;W WIP]3 W 333333333333 #E4 K>NAU< MAPS K>NAU< MAPS >E US$ Z A M1NS ( ANALYS+ BOOL1N EXPRES.NS1 & C O3UR 9 SUBJECTS S* Z DIGITAL ELECTRONICS4 A K>NAU< MAP APPE>S Z AN >RAY ( #J'S & #A'S ) V>I\S GR\P+S ( ^! NUMB]S M>K$4 ^! MAY 2 TR1T$ 9 BRL US+ ! FOLL[+ BRACKETS1 Z DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! EXAMPLES 2L4 < ''' > /&S =A HORIZONTAL GR\P [ ''' O /&S =A V]TICAL GR\P #E4 K>NAU< MAPS #II Q ''' ] ( ''' ) /&S =A 8SQU>E0 GR\P @) /&S =A BOTTOM "R CORN] @( /&S =A BOTTOM LEFT CORN] @] /&S =A TOP "R CORN] @Q /&S =A TOP LEFT CORN] EXAMPLE #A #J #J #J #J #J <#A #A> #J #J #J #J #J <#A #A> #J #J 111111111111 EXAMPLE #B #J #J #J #J #J #J #J [#A #J #J [#A #AO #J #J #AO #J 111111111111 EXAMPLE #C #J #J #J #J #J #J #J #J #J Q#A #A] #J #J (#A #A) #J 111111111111 #E4 K>NAU< MAPS #AJJ EXAMPLE #D #J #J #J #J #A] #J #J Q#A #A) #J #J (#A #J #J #J #J 111111111111 EXAMPLE #E #A@) #J #J @(#A #J #J #J #J #J #J #J #J #A@] #J #J @Q#A 111111111111 EXAMPLE #F #J #J #J #J [#A #J #J #J Q#A>O #A] #J <#A (#A #A) #J #J 333333333333 5D ( V#A